1 00:00:00,012 --> 00:00:05,588 So, if you're a stockholder of Amazon, I think you're in good shape, because he's a 2 00:00:05,588 --> 00:00:11,164 bright fellow and he's always looking for how to really do the right thing and, you 3 00:00:11,164 --> 00:00:14,228 know, give us products that we really like. 4 00:00:14,228 --> 00:00:17,821 Now, in this, we sort of evolve the modern internet. 5 00:00:17,821 --> 00:00:22,276 And, and much like Jeff. Jeff said that investment was growing at 6 00:00:22,276 --> 00:00:27,364 3,000% a year or something like that. There was this mania in '96, '97, '98, 7 00:00:27,364 --> 00:00:30,421 where people just bought, and bought, and bought. 8 00:00:30,421 --> 00:00:34,758 And the notion that communications was going to be so valuable led to, in a 9 00:00:34,758 --> 00:00:37,701 sense, an overbuilding of the fiber optic plant. 10 00:00:37,701 --> 00:00:41,431 We have a massive amount of fiber optic in the ground right now. 11 00:00:41,431 --> 00:00:46,267 And our ability to send more data through the existing fibers by just upgrading the 12 00:00:46,267 --> 00:00:50,178 equipment at the two ends, that's growing very rapidly as well. 13 00:00:50,179 --> 00:00:57,471 And so we're in this really weird world now, where a fiber optic between Ann Arbor 14 00:00:57,471 --> 00:01:04,747 and Chicago, 180 miles, is not that much more expensive that a piece of copper wire 15 00:01:04,747 --> 00:01:09,957 that goes 30 miles, in 1960. And so distance is less and less important 16 00:01:09,957 --> 00:01:13,418 on the Internet. That's why long distance phone calls don't 17 00:01:13,418 --> 00:01:17,840 cost any money anymore, because long distance and local are not that different 18 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:20,437 because there's so much fiber in the ground. 19 00:01:20,437 --> 00:01:25,323 But just one thing I want you to think about and wonder about is, will we run 20 00:01:25,323 --> 00:01:28,462 out? The, we are living off of the overbuilding 21 00:01:28,462 --> 00:01:33,742 that happened in the late 1990's, when they put so much in, and they've been able 22 00:01:33,742 --> 00:01:37,139 to upgrade it so effectively, but we might run out. 23 00:01:37,139 --> 00:01:42,410 And where will the money come from to dig the next set of trenches to put the next 24 00:01:42,410 --> 00:01:45,208 round of fiber in? We'll have to see. 25 00:01:45,209 --> 00:01:51,750 So if we take a quick look at, this is a graph of the growth of the, of the servers 26 00:01:51,750 --> 00:01:57,924 on the World Wide Web, and if you take a look, we start in, 1990 with one web 27 00:01:57,924 --> 00:02:03,574 server, December, 1990 with Tim Bernersley having one web server. 28 00:02:03,574 --> 00:02:09,287 And then it sort of doesn't grow, and then you sort of see kind of like this take off 29 00:02:09,287 --> 00:02:14,557 in last 2 years last late 2 years of the 1990's we you go up to about you know 20 30 00:02:14,557 --> 00:02:20,252 to 30 million you know from what, I don't know, 1996 is 200 less than a quarter to 31 00:02:20,252 --> 00:02:24,014 million dollars and does require a million hosts. 32 00:02:24,014 --> 00:02:28,808 You see the kind of the crash. The boom, and the crash, where it wasn't 33 00:02:28,808 --> 00:02:31,456 growing. And then you sort of see another new 34 00:02:31,456 --> 00:02:35,801 graph, which is really, this is when everybody had to be on the internet. 35 00:02:35,801 --> 00:02:38,756 Every little store started being on the internet. 36 00:02:38,756 --> 00:02:43,586 Every web, one had to be a web server. This was kind of the big ones coming on. 37 00:02:43,586 --> 00:02:48,196 And this was sort of like the flame out of the exuberant growth of the late 90's. 38 00:02:48,196 --> 00:02:53,258 And this exuberant growth gets so exuberant that it really changes the stock 39 00:02:53,258 --> 00:02:58,630 market, in the United States and the rest of the world, to the point where, you know 40 00:02:58,630 --> 00:03:02,976 from the early 90's to 2000 was the longest period of expansion. 41 00:03:02,976 --> 00:03:08,460 And there's a lot of factors for this, but one of the factors is, as we began to use 42 00:03:08,460 --> 00:03:14,187 communication and computation to make commerce more efficient, that triggered a 43 00:03:14,187 --> 00:03:19,151 great deal of growth. It also triggered over-speculation, right? 44 00:03:19,151 --> 00:03:25,618 And so the kind of, the, this part here, the crash, the dot com crash, was a bit of 45 00:03:25,618 --> 00:03:30,585 the over-speculation working its way out. Probably if, you know, if they hadn't 46 00:03:30,585 --> 00:03:34,072 over-speculated it, it would go like this instead, but it can't be like that. 47 00:03:34,072 --> 00:03:37,982 You go crazy, crazy, crazy, crazy, crazy, oops, oops, oops, oops, oops. 48 00:03:37,982 --> 00:03:41,213 And then we sort of had a crappy economy for a while after that. 49 00:03:41,213 --> 00:03:46,531 But again, the web, an the Internet, and all the technology that I just talked 50 00:03:46,531 --> 00:03:51,318 about really put a stamp on the entire world's economy in the 1990's. 51 00:03:51,318 --> 00:03:55,631 So, I could go on and on and on and on about this stuff. 52 00:03:55,631 --> 00:04:02,180 Open source is a big part of this. I will put links up for these videos that 53 00:04:02,180 --> 00:04:06,452 I've got. These are three open source luminaries 54 00:04:06,452 --> 00:04:11,492 that I've interviewed. Richard Stallman is the Free Software 55 00:04:11,492 --> 00:04:17,708 Foundation, the GNU, which is much of Unix utilities are written this way, compilers 56 00:04:17,708 --> 00:04:22,366 are written this way. He is a, tremendous advocate for open 57 00:04:22,366 --> 00:04:26,484 source software. Also we meet Brian Ballendorf, from the 58 00:04:26,484 --> 00:04:30,697 Apache Foundation. And the Apache Foundation was formed based 59 00:04:30,697 --> 00:04:35,674 on the web server that was created at NCSA, became the first web server, that 60 00:04:35,674 --> 00:04:39,762 was the Apache web server. So that lineage goes all the way back to 61 00:04:39,762 --> 00:04:44,266 Joseph Hardin and the team at NCSA. And then Rasmus Lerdorf is the inventor of 62 00:04:44,266 --> 00:04:48,889 PHP, and one of the many very popular web programming languages for building web 63 00:04:48,889 --> 00:04:51,731 sites. And so I'll put the links up for these and 64 00:04:51,731 --> 00:04:56,076 you can take a look at them. But they're not required for the course. 65 00:04:56,077 --> 00:05:01,513 And up next we're going to start digging into how this all works rather than what 66 00:05:01,513 --> 00:05:05,492 it is, how it came to be. So we're going to talk about what it is 67 00:05:05,492 --> 00:05:09,822 rather than how it came to be. And so, thank you for your time so far, 68 00:05:09,822 --> 00:05:13,221 and I look forward to seeing you at the next lecture.