1 00:00:00,220 --> 00:00:03,292 Hello and welcome to our first real lecture of internet history, technology 2 00:00:03,292 --> 00:00:05,510 and security. We're going to start of course, with 3 00:00:05,510 --> 00:00:07,250 internet history. And I'm Charles Severance. 4 00:00:08,290 --> 00:00:11,722 Not all the material is copyright by me, some of it is copyrighted, I put IEEE 5 00:00:11,722 --> 00:00:15,154 Computer society, particularly the articles that accompany some of the video 6 00:00:15,154 --> 00:00:19,590 interviews that I produced for IEEE Computer magazine. 7 00:00:19,590 --> 00:00:23,602 Richard Wiggins, my television show host, co-host also has graciously given 8 00:00:23,602 --> 00:00:29,200 permission to use some of his video. And the Open Michigan folks, Dave Malicke 9 00:00:29,200 --> 00:00:34,270 have helped to do copyright clearance on content that is sort of my slides. 10 00:00:34,270 --> 00:00:36,812 So that's great news. So, it's going to take us a couple of 11 00:00:36,812 --> 00:00:41,532 weeks to go through history and we're going to break it down into some phases. 12 00:00:41,532 --> 00:00:44,480 we're going to start at the dawn of electronic computing. 13 00:00:44,480 --> 00:00:48,380 I mean computing started, you know, early with abacuses and humans but, we're 14 00:00:48,380 --> 00:00:51,920 going to start with the moment that electronic computing, in particular 15 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:56,060 because it was the moment when computing and communication were sort of co-born at 16 00:00:56,060 --> 00:01:02,754 the same time. and communication before the internet 17 00:01:02,754 --> 00:01:07,398 became normal. then early internet research and then the 18 00:01:07,398 --> 00:01:11,302 internet itself that was academia and then of course for went out in to the 19 00:01:11,302 --> 00:01:16,644 real world, and then the web. Which really took all this connectivity 20 00:01:16,644 --> 00:01:20,550 and made it easy to use for everybody. It's really, what our view now of this 21 00:01:20,550 --> 00:01:24,510 network is, very much through the web and then from that point forward we look at 22 00:01:24,510 --> 00:01:30,728 sort of the commercialization and the ubiquity of it and the wide spread use. 23 00:01:30,728 --> 00:01:34,754 So the first picture the first video that I want to show you is a little longer 24 00:01:34,754 --> 00:01:41,927 than most of the other videos. It is about Bletchley Park and there are 25 00:01:41,927 --> 00:01:46,607 many heroes at Bletchley Park. Of course this was a top secret code 26 00:01:46,607 --> 00:01:51,820 breaking effort by the British government during World War II. 27 00:01:51,820 --> 00:01:55,974 World War II, I mean, if you think about in history, perhaps there is no time in 28 00:01:55,974 --> 00:02:01,240 history quite like World War II. If you go back to, well what kind of 29 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:05,400 technologies we're using in 1910 and 1920, to the technologies we were using 30 00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:09,690 in 1940, It's an amazing difference, you know, jet airplanes, radio, radar, so 31 00:02:09,690 --> 00:02:14,500 many things were invented and made made usable and the production quality during 32 00:02:14,500 --> 00:02:22,065 that period of time. War, of course, is terrible but it does 33 00:02:22,065 --> 00:02:26,893 cause governments to fear for their lives and invest heavily, very heavily in 34 00:02:26,893 --> 00:02:32,155 research. And so we, in some sense, even though war 35 00:02:32,155 --> 00:02:37,230 is a terrible thing, we sort of benefit from the extensive research. 36 00:02:37,230 --> 00:02:40,470 They were trying to solve wartime problems, but they ultimately solved 37 00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:45,110 problems that have changed our peacetime world in wonderful ways. 38 00:02:45,110 --> 00:02:52,310 So Bletchley Park is north of London, between Oxford and Cambridge, in England. 39 00:02:52,310 --> 00:02:56,798 And it's it was a code breaking effort and at one point there were over 10,000 40 00:02:56,798 --> 00:03:01,898 people working on top secret efforts to decode encrypted messages initially from 41 00:03:01,898 --> 00:03:09,124 Germans as they were using radio. So they called World War II a world war 42 00:03:09,124 --> 00:03:14,520 mostly because it touched, geographically more than any other war had ever touched, 43 00:03:14,520 --> 00:03:22,298 since, before, or since really. you know, Alaska, United States, Italy, 44 00:03:22,298 --> 00:03:27,818 Africa, Russia, Japan, Philippines, you know, it, it just, it truly was 45 00:03:27,818 --> 00:03:33,246 geographically distributed and it was necessary to do unprecedented 46 00:03:33,246 --> 00:03:41,200 communications just to effectively pursue the war. 47 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:45,140 And this meant that communications had to be wireless. 48 00:03:45,140 --> 00:03:48,210 And the problem with wireless is, anyone can put up an antenna. 49 00:03:48,210 --> 00:03:51,257 And listen to the wireless signal. There's no way to hide the wireless 50 00:03:51,257 --> 00:03:54,300 signal. Unlike a wire, that you could hide it. 51 00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:57,066 And if no one had access to the wire, you can't see what's in it. 52 00:03:57,066 --> 00:04:00,970 But if you are using wireless, in fast moving armies in long distances. 53 00:04:02,350 --> 00:04:05,560 Then someone can intercept the wireless signal, and they can. 54 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:08,210 So the trick of'course was to create an encrypted wireless signals. 55 00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:11,434 So that you can see everything you send. But it didn't make any sense to them, it 56 00:04:11,434 --> 00:04:14,200 all sounded like gibberish unless you, of course, know the code. 57 00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:18,678 And so this was the, a, a key technology was building codes and code-making 58 00:04:18,678 --> 00:04:21,470 machines. A good example of this was the Enigma 59 00:04:21,470 --> 00:04:24,606 made by Germany, which is we'll talk about these in this last part, for the 60 00:04:24,606 --> 00:04:29,280 last part of the class in the security part of the class. 61 00:04:29,280 --> 00:04:33,040 How these codes and ciphers work. But they scramble material in a way 62 00:04:33,040 --> 00:04:37,784 that's generally unintelligible. And, of course, the really bright folks 63 00:04:37,784 --> 00:04:41,844 at Bletchley Park, Alan Touring, one of many bright people at, at Bletchley Park 64 00:04:41,844 --> 00:04:45,614 used, you know, mathematics to, to say, you know, these codes may be more, more 65 00:04:45,614 --> 00:04:52,060 crackable than we think. there was folks from Poland who also 66 00:04:52,060 --> 00:04:55,720 informed the, them, to say, look, let's show what we did to crack it, right 67 00:04:55,720 --> 00:05:00,462 before Poland was involved. They were working heavily on the 68 00:05:00,462 --> 00:05:03,950 mathematics cracking. And so then they built these machines. 69 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:08,584 And so, in this video that I'm about to show you, it's really, what I tried to do 70 00:05:08,584 --> 00:05:14,079 is, I tried to contrast the two machines. And one is an extremely fast mechanical 71 00:05:14,079 --> 00:05:18,300 computer, with relays and switches and things that spin and gears that move back 72 00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:22,143 and forth, that's a very physical computer that's that's looking for 73 00:05:22,143 --> 00:05:27,003 patterns. And as it's spinning it's checking for 74 00:05:27,003 --> 00:05:31,287 possible encoding combinations to try to just do a, a group force checking of lots 75 00:05:31,287 --> 00:05:37,060 of different possibilities. And so it was a, a mechanical computer. 76 00:05:37,060 --> 00:05:40,696 The BOMBE was a mechanical computer. And then as the German encryption 77 00:05:40,696 --> 00:05:44,059 improved and they used different techniques with more sophisticated 78 00:05:44,059 --> 00:05:49,322 encryption, they just couldn't decrypt it with a mechanical computer anymore. 79 00:05:49,322 --> 00:05:52,799 So they just were forced to build something faster, and that faster thing 80 00:05:52,799 --> 00:05:58,085 was the first truly powerful general purpose electronic computer in the world. 81 00:05:58,085 --> 00:06:01,335 Of course it was kept secret until the, certainly kept secret until the 60s and 82 00:06:01,335 --> 00:06:05,290 the 70s and much of it was still kept secret until even the 90s. 83 00:06:05,290 --> 00:06:09,266 And so its place in history, is kind of a recent recent understanding, you can look 84 00:06:09,266 --> 00:06:12,850 at early history textbooks that talk about the first computer and they don't 85 00:06:12,850 --> 00:06:17,296 mention this one. Well that's because it was a secret until 86 00:06:17,296 --> 00:06:20,312 a long time. So the BOMBE was a powerful mechanical 87 00:06:20,312 --> 00:06:23,186 computer. The Colossus was a powerful electronic 88 00:06:23,186 --> 00:06:26,188 computer. But I have this picture, it was drawn by 89 00:06:26,188 --> 00:06:30,195 an artist for me. And in addition to showcasing, sort of, 90 00:06:30,195 --> 00:06:34,547 the moment where a mechanical computer, no matter how hard you try, wouldn't work 91 00:06:34,547 --> 00:06:38,904 fast enough. And the, and the electronic computer was 92 00:06:38,904 --> 00:06:43,270 sort of forcefully created out of, tremendous need. 93 00:06:43,270 --> 00:06:47,743 What's also really interesting is the fact that Bletchley Park during this 94 00:06:47,743 --> 00:06:52,180 time, with 10,000 people, had all kinds of people. 95 00:06:52,180 --> 00:06:56,842 You know, language experts, mathematicians, engineers, welders, and 96 00:06:56,842 --> 00:07:01,090 it's a really cross-disciplinary activity. 97 00:07:01,090 --> 00:07:05,122 And they were solving a problem of decrypting German transmissions but they 98 00:07:05,122 --> 00:07:08,713 ultimately solved the problem in the pursuit of that, of electronic 99 00:07:08,713 --> 00:07:14,277 communications and computation. And so this picture is really trying to 100 00:07:14,277 --> 00:07:18,501 show how, you know, lot, you know, Alan Turing was really very critical one, but 101 00:07:18,501 --> 00:07:22,277 there are other people like Gordon Welchman and Dot Keane, and, and the 102 00:07:22,277 --> 00:07:28,000 folks from Poland, that informed all of this. 103 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:31,600 University colleagues, and this whole thing was very much a connected, 104 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:37,592 collective group of really bright people. Highly motivated, well funded, and they 105 00:07:37,592 --> 00:07:42,913 created this. So so let me go ahead and and pause now, 106 00:07:42,913 --> 00:07:47,482 and let you take a look at, at this film.