Arithmetic operations are fundamental in Python and quite straightforward to understand. Here's a simple lesson covering the basic arithmetic operators:

1. Addition (+)

The + operator adds two values.

a = 10
b = 5
result = a + b  # result is 15

2. Subtraction (-)

The - operator subtracts the right-hand operand from the left-hand operand.

a = 10
b = 5
result = a - b  # result is 5

3. Multiplication (*)

The * operator multiplies two values.

a = 10
b = 5
result = a * b  # result is 50

4. Division (/)

The / operator divides the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand. It always returns a floating point number.

a = 10
b = 5
result = a / b  # result is 2.0

5. Floor Division (//)

The // operator performs floor division. It returns the largest integer less than or equal to the division of the operands.

a = 10
b = 3
result = a // b  # result is 3

6. Modulus / Remainder (%)

The % operator returns the remainder of the division between the left-hand and right-hand operands.

a = 10
b = 3
result = a % b  # result is 1

7. Exponentiation (**)

The ** operator raises the left-hand operand to the power of the right-hand operand.

a = 2
b = 3
result = a ** b  # result is 8 (2^3)